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years. However，the innovation of the blockchain-or，more generally，the innovation of public economic consensus-by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009 proved to be the one missing piece of the puzzle that brought together both“strands”of research，and single-handedly gave the industry agiant leap forward.

［去中心化及密码学，作为类似于比特币与以太坊这样的系统的两大基础性模块，并不是新鲜技术。类似于BitTorrent（BT下载）的去中心化网络早在21世纪初就已经存在了，而密码学家、数学家及软件工程师也已经努力了近三十年，致力于不断提升协议的先进性，从而实现从电子现金到投票再到文件传输存储等各类系统更强的隐私性、可信度保障。然而，区块链的创新，或者通俗地来讲就是中本聪在2009年所证明的公共经济共识的创新，才是那一片原本缺失的拼图，它将去中心化与密码学这两个研究方向拧在了一起，然后“抽一鞭子”让整个行业向前跃进了一大步。］

The ideological environment seemed to almost snap into place:the great financial crisis in 2008 spurred growing distrust in mainstream finance，including both corporations and the governmental institutions that are normally supposed to regulate them，and was the initial spark that drove many to seek out alternatives，and Edward Snowden's revelations in 2013 were the icing on the cake.Although so far blockchain technologies specifically have not seen mainstream adoption asaresult，the underlying spirit of decentralization，and building applications that put the user in charge，toasubstantial degree has:applications ranging from Apple's phones to WhatsApp have started building in forms of encryption that are so strong that even the company writing the software and managing the servers cannot break it.On another side，the advent of“sharing economy 1.0”is increasingly showing signs of failure to fulfill what many had originally seen to be its promise:rather than simply cutting entrenched and oligopolistic intermediaries out，giants like Uber are simply replacing the middleman with themselves，and in some cases not particularly doingabetter job of it.

（而意识形态的大环境似乎也恰到好处：2008年的金融危机刺痛了人们对于主流金融不信任的神经，也导致人们对于金融公司以及理应监管它们的政府机构失去了信心，而这也擦出了人们去寻找替代品的最初火花。2013年爱德华·斯诺登的启示则更为原本的不信任雪上加霜。尽管到目前为止，区块链技术本身并没有出现主流的应用，但它所蕴含的去中心化精神以及将用户作为应用程序主体的程序开发思路已经深入人心：从苹果手机到WhatsApp，都开始通过用户加密的方式设计程序，从而实现即使是负责程序开发和管理的公司自己也无法破解用户设置的密码。从另一个方面而言，诞生不久的所谓“共享经济1.0”正在逐渐显