序

露出失败的迹象，因为它们难以兑现最初的承诺：不是简单地去除根深蒂固的寡头中介，像Uber这样的巨头反而选择了仅仅将原本的中介换成了它们自己，而在某些情况下也并没有做得比它们的前任更好。）

Blockchains，and the umbrella of related technologies thatIhave collectively come to call“crypto 2.0”，provides an attractive fix:rather than simply hoping that the parties we interact with behave honorably，we build technological systems that inherently build the desired properties into the system，in suchaway that it will keep functioning with the guarantees that we expect even if many of the actors involved are corrupted.All transactions would come with auditable trails of cryptographic proofs，decentralized peer-to-peer networks would be used to reduce reliance on any single server，public key cryptography could createanotion of portable user-controlled identities，and entire financial systems could be built in suchaway that there is no single central party that needs to hold custody over other people's funds，and that other people need to trust not to go bankrupt，try to cheat them，or run away with their funds.More advanced kinds of math，including ring signatures，homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs，would to guarantee privacy，allowing users to put all of their data in the open in suchaway that certain properties of it can be verified，and even computed on，but without actually revealing any private details.

（区块链及与其相关的技术被我总称为“数字货币2.0”，它们提供了一个吸引人的解决方案：相比于仅仅寄希望于与我们产生互动的对手方行为良好，我们建立的技术系统将我们所需的属性先天性地嵌入系统当中，从而实现即便是系统中的许多参与方的行为不良，系统也仍然能够保证像我们所希望的那样正常运转。所有的交易都会以密码学证明的方式经历一次审计流程，去中心化的点对点网络将会被用于减少对于单一服务器的依赖，公钥加密能够创造一个便携的由用户控制的身份概念，整个金融系统将会被建立在一个新的体系上，在这种体系中，没有一个单独的中心化组织需要对所有其他人的资金进行监管，也没有一个单独的组织需要被相信是不会破产的，用户也不用担心被欺诈，或是遭遇卷款跑路。更为先进的数学方法，包括环状签名、同态加密及零知识证明体系，将会被用于保障私密性，保证了用户将他们所有的数据都公开并在针对数据的一些属性被验证、计算的前提下不泄露自身隐私的那一部分细节。）

What has impressed me the most about the last five years is just how far the technology has come，and how far the industry has evolved.From 2010 to 2013，there wasalot of excitement about the technology and its potential，and there were many startups being formed to